Softening of Water

◆Softening of Water◆

1)Lime Soda Method/Clark’s Process

• Lime removes all the carbonate hardness.

• Lime converts non-carbonate hardness of magnesium into non-carbonate harness of calcium.

• Soda removes non carbonate hardness of calcium

• These reactions take place when pH of water is more than 9.
( ppt of CaCO3 formed at pH>9-9.5 & ppt of mg(OH)2 when pH> 11 . PH INCREASES
ARTFICIALLY BY ADDING LIME)

• This methodremoves all the carbonate & non carbonate hardness both.

• this method decreases the corrosion problems in pipes due to increase in alkalinity of water, reduce hardness.

• This This method removes all the microorganisms present in water due to high
alkalinity.

2) Zeolite Process/Permitut Method/ Base Exchange Process

• This method can produce zero hardness in water.
It can’t produce Na2Z if Fe and Mn present in solution

• In this method, no sludge formation takes place.

• This method is not used for highly turbid water & colored water (costlier)

3) De-mineralization Process

• Resins are the polymeric compounds which are used to remove hardness from water.

• Acidic resins & basic resins are used for treatment.

• This method produces zero harness& almost zero sludge formation.

• This method can improve taste of water & almost zero sludge formation.