Classifications of Pollution

🎯Classifications of Pollution

There are several types of pollution, and they may come from different sources and have different consequences.
These are classified as

(i) On the basis of part of an environment where it occurs most

(a) Air Pollution
(b) Water Pollution
(c) Soil Pollution


(ii) On the basis of its origin 

(a) Natural (e.g. volcanic eruptions)
(b) Anthropogenic (man made pollution, such as industrial pollution, agricultural pollution, etc.)

(iii) According to the physical nature of pollutant

(a) Gaseous Pollution
(b) Dust Pollution
(c) Noise Pollution
(d) Radioactive Pollution, etc.

Dispersion of air pollutants into the atmosphere

Air pollution

Dispersion of air pollutants into the atmosphere

👉 The rate of temperature with altitude is known as lapse rate

👉 Adiabatic Lapse rate :- Any warm air parcel if it rise in temperature for every 1 km rise, change of temperature is -9.8℃

♦️ Ringleman charts :- It measure density of smoke

♦️ Isokinetic sampling :- Collection of smoke using the probe across the c/s of stack

Acid rain

Air pollution

♦️ Acid rain

👉 Acid rain results when gaseous emission SOx & NOx interact with water vapour and sunlight and are chemically converted to strong acidic compounds (H2SO4 & HNO3) along with other organic and inorganic chemicals.

👉 If pH of rain **less than 5.6 is called acid rain

♦️ Global warming

🔸 The major green house gases

👉 Carbon dioxide :- 57%

👉 Methane :- 12%

👉 Nitrous oxide :- 6%

👉 Chlorofloro carbon (CFC) :- 25%

♦️ Ozone layer depletion

👉 Primary reason of ozone layer depletion is CFC

Major air pollutants

Air pollution

♦️ Major air pollutants

🔸 Particulats

👉 particulates in atmosphere are measured by High volume air sampler

🔸 Carbon monoxide

👉 CO is analysed by NDIR (Non Dispersive Infrared) analyser.

🔸 Oxides of sulphur

👉 SOx are measured by West & Gaek method

🔸 Oxides of Nitrogen

👉 NOx are estimated by Jacob - Oscheisser method

🔸 Hydrocarbons

👉 Hydrocarbons estimated by Gas Chromatography

Effects of air pollution on human

Air pollution

◆Effects of air pollution on human◆

👉 Sulphur dioxide (SO2) :- It effects mucous membrane. 

👉 Carbon monoxide (CO) :- It reacts with haemoglobin in blood to form toxic compound carboxyhemoglobin. It also affects the central nervous system.

👉 oxides of nitrogen :- It causes eye and nasal irritation and pulmonary discomfort

👉 Ozone :- It affect on respiratory system

👉 Lead :- It effects include gastrointestinal damage, liver and kidney damage

👉 Hydrocarbons :- It causes lung cancer

👉 Particulates :- It causes respiratory diseases

air pollutants

🎯 Primary Pollutants

1. Hydrocarbons
2. Sulphur compounds
3. Nitrogen compounds
4. Carbon dioxide
5. Carbon monoxide
6. Photochemical Oxidents
7. Lead
8. Radioactive materials
9. Halogen compounds
10. Suspended Particulate matter

🎯 Secondary Pollutants

1. Sulphuric acid
2. Ozone
3. Formaldehyde
4. Peroxy-acetyl-nitrate(PAN)
5. Photochemical smog

Particulate control technology

 🌟Particulate control technology:-

💥Gravity settling chamber :-
dust particle > 50 μm
Efficiency (η) <50%

💥Centrifugal separators
dust particle :- 5 - 50 μm
η :- 50 - 90%

💥 Electrostatic precipitator
dust particle ≥1 μm
η :- 95 - 99%

💥Fabric filter
dust particle <1 μm
 η :- >99%

💥Wet scrubbers
⚡️Tray scrubber
dust particle > 10 μm
η:- <80%

💥Cyclone scrubber
dust particle >2.5 μm
 η:- <85%

💥 Venturi scrubber
dust particle >0.5 μm
η :- <90%

💥Gaseous control technology:-
⚡️Adsorption
⚡️Absorption
⚡️Combustion

Civil Bhai: Properties of Fluid

Civil Bhai: Properties of Fluid: ��Properties of Fluid�� 1) Mass Density = Mass/Volume                    Unit= kg/m^3 2) Weight Density or Specific weight = Weight/...

Prestressed Concrete

◆Prestressed Concrete ◆

Introduction

Prestress is defined as a method of applying pre-compression to control the stresses resulting due to external loads below the neutral axis of the beam tension developed due to an external load which is more than the permissible limits of the plain concrete.

Prestressed concrete is basically concrete in which internal stresses of a suitable magnitude and distribution are introduced so that the stresses resulting from the external loads are counteracted to a desired degree.
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📌Terminology

1. Tendon: A stretched element used in a concrete member of structure to impart prestress to the concrete.
2. Anchorage: A device generally used to enable the tendon to impart and maintain prestress in concrete.
3. Pretensioning: A method of prestressing concrete in which the tendons are tensioned before the concrete is placed. In this method, the concrete is introduced by the bond between
steel & concrete.
4. Post-tensioning: A method of prestressing concrete by tensioning the tendons against hardened concrete. In this method, the prestress is imparted to concrete by bearing .
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📍Materials for prestressing concrete members

1. Cement: The cement used should be any of the following


(a) Ordinary Portland cement conforming to IS269
(b) Portland slag cement conforming to IS455. But the slag content should not be more than 50%.
(c) Rapid hardening Portland cement conforming to IS8041.
(d) High strength ordinary Portland cement conforming to IS8112.

2. Concrete: Prestress concrete requires concrete, which has a high compressive strength reasonably early age with comparatively higher tensile strength than ordinary concrete. The concrete for the members shall be air-entrained concrete composed of Portland cement, fine and coarse aggregates, admixtures and water. The air-entraining feature may be obtained by the use of either air-entraining Portland cement or an approved air-entraining admixture. The entrained air content shall be not less than 4 percent or more than 6 percent.

Minimum cement content of 300 to 360 kg/m3 is prescribed for the durability requirement.

The water content should be as low as possible.

3. Steel:- High tensile steel, tendons, strands or cables

High strength steel should contain:

0.7 to 0.8% carbons,

0.6% manganese,

0.1% silica

Why high grade of concrete & steel?

Higher the grade of concrete higher the bond strength which is vital in pre-tensioned concrete

Also, higher bearing strength which is essential in post-tensioned concrete as well as in pre-tensioned concrete

Creep & shrinkage losses are minimum with high-grade concrete.

Generally, minimum M30 grade concrete is used for post-tensioned & M40 grade concrete is used for pre-tensioned members

The losses in pre-stress members due to various reasons are generally in the range of 250 N/mm2 to 400 N/mm2

If mild steel or deformed steel is used the residual stresses after losses is either zero or negligible.
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📌Advantage of Prestressed Concrete

The use of high strength concrete and steel in prestressed members results in lighter and slender members than is possible with RC members.

In fully prestressed members the member is free from tensile stresses under working loads, thus the whole of the section is effective.

In prestressed members, dead loads may be counter-balanced by eccentric prestressing.

Prestressed concrete member posses better resistance to shear forces due to effectof compressive stresses presence or eccentric cable profile.

Use of high strength concrete and freedom from cracks, contribute to improving durability under aggressive environmental conditions.

Long span structures are possible so that saving in weight is significant & thus it will be economic.

Factory products are possible.

Prestressed members are tested before use.

Prestressed concrete structure deflects appreciably before ultimate failure, thus giving ample warning before the collapse.

Fatigue strength is better due to small variations in prestressing steel, recommended to dynamically loaded structures.
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📌Disadvantages of Prestressed Concrete

The availability of experienced builders is scanty.

Initial equipment cost is very high.

Availability of experienced engineers is scanty.

Prestressed sections are brittle

Prestressed concrete sections are less fire resistant.
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📍Classifications and Types

Prestressed concrete structures can be classified in a number of ways depending upon the feature of designs and constructions.

Pre-tensioning: In which the tendons are tensioned before the concrete is placed, tendons are temporarily anchored and tensioned and the prestress is transferred to the concrete after it is hardened.

Post-tensioning: In which the tendon is tensioned after the concrete has hardened. Tendons are placed in sheathing at suitable places in the member before casting and later after hardening of concrete.
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📍Tensioning Devices

Mechanical devices: The mechanical devices generally used include weights with or without lever transmission, geared transmission in conjunction with pulley blocks, screw jacks with or without gear devices and wire-winding machines.

Hydraulic devices: These are simplest means for producing large prestressing force, extensively used as tensioning devices

Electrical devices: The wires are electrically heated and anchored before placing concrete in the mould. This method is often referred to as thermo-prestressing and used for tensioning of steel wires and deformed bars.

Chemical devices: Expanding cement are used and the degree of expansion is controlled by varying the curing condition. Since the expansive action of cement, while the setting is restrained, it induces tensile forces in tendons and compressive stresses in concrete.
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🔗Prestressing System

Pretensioning system: In the pre-tensioning systems, the tendons are first tensioned between rigid anchor-blocks cast on the ground or in a column or unit –mould types pre-tensioning bed, prior to the casting of concrete in the mould. The tendons comprising individual wires or strands are stretched with constant eccentricity or a variable eccentricity with tendon anchorage at one end and jacks at the other.

2. Post-tensioned system: In post-tensioning, the concrete unit is first cast by incorporating ducts or grooves to house the tendons. When the concrete attains sufficient strength, the high-tensile wires are tensioned by means of jack bearing on the end of the face of the member and anchored by wedge or nuts.

Most of the commercially patented prestressing systems are based on the following principle of anchoring the tendons:

Wedge action producing a frictional grip on the wire.

Direct bearing from the rivet or bolt heads formed at the end of the wire.

Looping the wire around the concrete.
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📌Methods📌:


1. Freyssinet system
2. Gifford-Udall system
3. Magnel blaton system
4. Lee-McCall system

Differences of Prestressed Concrete Over Reinforced Concrete:

In prestressed concrete member steel plays an active role. The stress in steel prevails whether the external load is there or not. But in R.C.C., steel plays a passive role. The stress in steel in R.C.C members depends upon the external loads. i.e., no external load, no stress in steel.

In prestress concrete the stresses in steel is almost constant where as in R.C.C the stress in steel is variable with the lever arm.

Prestress concrete has more shear resistance, where as the shear resistance of R.C.C is less.

In prestress concrete members, deflections are less because the eccentric pre stressing force will induce couple which will cause upward deflections, where as in R.C.C., deflections are more.

In prestress concrete fatigue resistance is more compared to R.C.C. because in R.C.C. stress in steel is external load dependent where as in P.S.C member it is load independent.

Prestress concrete is more durable as high grade of concrete is used which is denser in nature. R.C.C. is less durable.

In prestress, concrete dimensions are less because external stresses are counterbalanced by the internal stress induced by prestressing. Therefore reactions on column & footing are less
as a whole the quantity of concrete is reduced by 30% and steel reduced by about 60 t  70%. R.C.C. is uneconomical for long span because in R.C.C. dimension of sections are large requiring more concrete & steel.

TYPES OF SOIL

◆TYPES OF SOIL◆

♦️ Aeolian soil :- Transported by wind

♦️ Alluvial soil:- Transported by river

♦️ Lacustrine soil:- Transported by lake

♦️ Marine soil:- Transported by sea

♦️ Loess:- Transported by wind

♦️ Talus:- Transported by gravitational force

♦️ Drift:- Transported by ice or glacier

Type Of Cements along with codes

◆Type Of Cements along with codes.◆

I. Ordinary Portland Cement

II. Rapid Hardening Cement- IS : 8041 -1990

III. Extra Rapid Hardening Cement

IV. Low Heat Portland Cement – IS: 12600-1989

V. Portland Slag Cement – IS : 455-1989

VI. Portland Pozzolana Cement- IS 1489-1991
(Part 1 And 20)

VII. Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement – IS : 12330-1988

VIII. White Portland Cement – IS : 8042-1989

IX. Colored Portland Cement – IS : 8042-1989

X. Hydrophobic Cement – IS : 8043-1991

XI. High Alumina Cement – IS : 6452-1989

XII. Super Sulphated Cement – IS 6909-1990

XIII. special cements
a) masonry cement
b) Air Entraining cement
c) Expansive cement
d) Oil well cement

● Useful-Notes-on-cement.

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Fly Leveling

◆Fly Leveling◆

Fly leveling is conducted when the benchmark is very far from the work station. In such case, a temporary bench mark is located at the work station which is located based on the original benchmark.

Even it is not highly precise it is used for determining approximate level.

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Differential Levelling

◆Differential Levelling◆

Differential leveling is performed when the distance between two points is more.

In this process, number of inter stations are located and instrument is shifted to each station and observed the elevation of inter station points.

Finally difference between original two points is determined.

Simple Levelling

◆Simple Levelling◆

It is a simple and basic form of leveling in which the leveling instrument is placed between the points which elevation is to be find.

Leveling rods are placed at that points and sighted them through leveling instrument.

It is performed only when the points are nearer to each other without any obstacles.

Types of Stones and their Properties

◆Marble◆

Category of limestone
Specific gravity → 2.72
Water absorption → 1-3%
Generally white in color but diff. shade of grey, green, brown, pink also there crushing
strength → 300 and 500 kg.cm2
crystalline structure
use – table, floorings, slabs, ornament work
Note → Green marble → Baroda,
white marble → Ajmer

◆Slate◆

Metamorphic rock

specific gravity → 2.8

Good insulator of heat and electricity

water absorption → 0.5 – 1%

colour → dark grey, reddish, blues black

Crushing strength → 240 – 360 kg/cm2

Use → water proofing, electrical boards

◆Quartzite◆

Metamorphic rock

Crushing strength → 750 kg/cm2

Water absorption → 4%

Difficult to weather and dress

Specific gratuity → 2.65
Use → aggregate of conc., paving martial

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Bulking of Sand

◆Bulking of Sand◆

 The presence of moisture in sand increases the volume of sand.

This is due to fact that moisture causes film of water around the sand particles which result in the increase of volume of sand.

For a moisture content of 5 to 8 percent, the increase in volume may be about 5 to 8 percent, depending upon the grading of sand.

The finer the material, the more will be the increase in volume for a given moisture content.

This phenomenon is known as bulking of sand.

When moisture content is increased by adding more water, sand particles pack near each other and the amount of bulking of sand is decreased.

Thus the dry sand and the sand completely flooded with water have practically the same volume.

●Types-of-soil

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TYPES OF SOIL

💡🔰TYPES OF SOIL🔰💡

⚡️Aeolian soil:-
Transported by wind

💥Alluvial soil:-
Transported by river

⚡️Lacustrine soil:- Transported by Lake

💥Marine soil:-
Transported by Sea

⚡️Loess:-
Transported by Wind

💥Talus:-
 Transported by Gravitational force

⚡️Drift:-
Transported by Ice or Glacier.

💥Caliche:
It  is a sedimentary rock consist of gravel ,sand and silt, Clay.

⚡️Loam:
It is a soil with roughly equal proportion of silt sand and Clay .

💥Tuff: Soft porous rock usually formed by compaction and cementation of volcanic ash or dust .

⚡️Till:Till or Glacial till is unsorted glacial sediment.

●Bulking-of-sand

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भारतातील राज्य आणि नृत्य प्रकार

◆भारतातील  राज्य आणि नृत्य प्रकार ◆

महाराष्ट्र --- लावणी, कोळी नृत्य

तामिळनाडू --- भरतनाट्यम

केरळ --- कथकली

आंध्र प्रदेश --- कुचीपुडी, कोल्लतम

पंजाब --- भांगडा, गिद्धा

गुजरात --- गरबा, रास

ओरिसा --- ओडिसी

जम्मू आणी काश्मीर --- रौफ

आसाम --- बिहू, जुमर नाच

उत्तरखंड --- गर्वाली

मध्य प्रदेश --- कर्मा, चार्कुला

मेघालय --- लाहो

कर्नाटका --- यक्षगान, हत्तारी

मिझोरम --- खान्तुंम

गोवा --- मंडो

मणिपूर --- मणिपुरी

अरुणाचल प्रदेश --- बार्दो छम

झारखंड- कर्मा

छत्तीसगढ --- पंथी

राजस्थान --- घूमर

पश्चिम बंगाल --- गंभीरा

उत्तर प्रदेश --- कथक

CONTRACT

◆CONTRACT◆

The following are the various types of contracts,for execution of civil engineering works:

1. Item rate contract
2. Percentage rate contract
3. Lumpsum contract
4. Labour contract
5. Materials supply contract
6. Piece-Work agreement
7. Cost plus percentage rate contract
8. Cost plus fixed fee contract
9. Cost plus fluctuating fee contract
10.Target contract

1. Item rate contract:
For this contract, contractors are required to quote rates for individual items of work on the basis of schedule of quantities furnished by the client’s department.

2. Percentage rate contract:
In this form of contract, the client’s department draws up the schedule of items according to the description of items sanctioned in the estimate with quantities, rates, units and amounts shown therein.

3. Lump sum contract:
In this form of contract, contractors are required to quote a fixed sum (lump sum amount) for execution of a work complete in all respects i.e., according to the drawings, design and specifications supplied to them with the tender within the specified time.

4. Labour contract:
This is a contract where the contractor quotes rates for the item work exclusive of the elements of materials which are supplied by the client’s Department.

5. Materials supply contract:
In this form of contract, the contractors have to offer their rates for supply of the required quantity of materials , inclusive of all local taxes, carriage and delivery charges of materials to the specified site within the time fixed in the tender.

6.Piece-Work agreement:
As the name signifies the piece-work agreement, it is that for which only a rate is agreed upon without reference to the total quantity of work to be done or the quantity of work to be done within a given period.

7.Cost plus percentage rate contract:
In tendering for work on a “Cost Plus” basis, the contractor is paid the actual cost of the work, plus an agreed percentage in addition, to allow for profit.

8.Cost plus fixed fee contract:
In this type of contract, the contractor is paid by the owner an agreed lump-sum amount over and above the actual cost of work.

9.Cost plus Fluctuating Fee contract:
In this type of contract, the contractor is paid by the owner the actual cost of construction plus an amount of fee inversely variable according to the increase or decrease of the estimated cost agreed first by both the parties.

10.Target Contract:
This is the type of contract where the contractor is paid on a cost-plus percentage work performed under this contract. In addition, he receives a percentage plus or minus on savings or excess effected against either a prior agreed estimate of total cost or a target value arrived at by measuring the work on completion and valuing at prior agreed rates.

उपसर्ग जोडून येणारे शब्द

🔹 उपसर्ग जोडून येणारे शब्द🔹

👉 मूळ शब्दाआधी जे अक्षर किंवा शब्द  जोडला जातो, त्याला उपसर्ग म्हणतात.

                (१) अ + चूक   = अचूक

                (२) अ + मर     = अमर

                (३) अ +पार    =अपार

                 (४) अ + नाथ  = अनाथ

                 (५) अ + पात्र    = अपात्र.

                 (६) अ  + चल   = अचल

                 (७) अ  + शांत  = अशांत

                 (८) अ  +ज्ञान   = अज्ञान

                 (९) अ  + माप   = अमाप

                (१०) अ  +शुभ   = अशुभ

                (११) अ + सत्य  = असत्य

                (१२) अ + बोल  = अबोल

                (१३)  अ + खंड  =अखंड

                (१४) अं  + धार   = अंधार

                (१५)  अ  + समान   = असमान

                (१६) अ  + स्थिर   = अस्थिर

                (१७) अ  + न्याय   = अन्याय
   
                (१८) अ + पचन    = अपचन

                (१९) अ  + जय    = अजय
   
                (२०) अ + प्रगत   = अप्रगत

                (२१) अ + मोल   = अमोल

                (२२)  अ + योग्य    = अयोग्य
   
                (२३)  कु  + रूप    = कुरूप

                (२४) सु  + काळ   = काळ 

                (२५) सु    + गंध    = सुगंध
   
                (२६) सु   + पुत्र     = सुपुत्र

                (२७)  सु   + मार्ग   = सुमार्ग
 
                (२८) सु   + यश    = सुयश

                (२९) सु  +  योग्य    = सुयोग्य

                (३०) वि  + नाश    = विनाश

General knowledge

◆General knowledge◆

 प्रश्न :- जगातील सर्वात मोठा फूल कोणता आहे?
 उत्तरः - रिफ्लेशिया
 प्रश्न: - जीवनचक्राच्या दृष्टीने वनस्पतीचा सर्वात महत्वाचा भाग कोणता आहे?
 उत्तरः - पुष्प( फुल )
 प्रश्न: - मानवी शरीरात रक्त शुद्धीकरण कोठे आहे?
 उत्तरः - मूत्रपिंडात
 प्रश्न: - पांढऱ्या रक्त पेशी (डब्ल्यूबीसी) चे मुख्य कार्य काय आहे?
 उत्तरः - रोग प्रतिरोधक क्षमता राखून  ठेवणे
 प्रश्न: - भारतातील मुख्य धान्य उत्पादन काय आहे?
 उत्तरः - तांदूळ
 प्रश्न: - पानांचे दोन मुख्य कार्ये आहेत?
 उत्तरः - प्रकाश संश्लेषण आणि उद्दीपन
 प्रश्नः - डॉक्टर, चित्रकार, कारागीर वगैरे इत्यादि द्वारे वापरल्या जाणार्या कॅल्शियम सल्फेटचे लोकप्रिय नाव काय आहे?
 उत्तरः - प्लास्टर ऑफ पॅरिस
 प्रश्नः - सोन्याचे दागदागिने बनवताना कोणत्या धातू त्यात मिसळल्या जातात?
 उत्तरः - कॉपर ( तांबे )
 प्रश्नः - खालीलपैकी कोणता धातू सर्वात जड ( भारी ) आहे?
 उत्तरः - ओसमियम
 प्रश्नः - पुढीलपैकी कोणता अग्नी विझवणारा वायू आहे?
 उत्तरः - कार्बन डायऑक्साइड
 प्रश्नः - रात्री झाडा खाली झोपणे हानीकारक असते कारण झाडं हा वायू सोडतात!
 उत्तरः-कार्बन डायऑक्साइड
 प्रश्न: - मानवी शरीरात प्रचुर प्रमाणात काय आहे?
 उत्तरः - ऑक्सिजन
 प्रश्न: - सॉसमध्ये टोमॅटो आढळतो
 उत्तरः - एसिटिक अॅसिड
 प्रश्न: - जीवविज्ञान नाचे जनक म्हणून कोण ओळखले जाते?
 उत्तरः - अरिस्टोटल( अरस्तू )
 प्रश्न: - जमिनीखाली कोणते फळ आढळते?
 उत्तरः - पीनट ( भुईमुग )
 प्रश्नः - सेलला निश्चित रूप कोण देतो?
 उत्तरः - सेलची भिंत
 प्रश्नः - पानाना कश्यामुळे हिरवा रंग मिळतो?
 उत्तर: - क्लोरोप्लास्ट ( क्लोरोफिल )
 प्रश्नः - राष्ट्रीय पर्यावरण अभियांत्रिकी संस्था कोठे आहे?
 उत्तर: - नागपूरमध्ये
 प्रश्नः - 'ब्राउन क्रांती' कशाशी संबंधित आहे?
 उत्तर: - खतांच्या उत्पादनासाठी
 प्रश्न: - मादी प्राण्यांमध्ये जन्मदरम्यान कोणते हार्मोन अधिक सक्रिय असतात?
 उत्तर: - ऑक्सिटॉसिन
 प्रश्नः - भारतातील कोणते राज्य 'आशियातील अंडी बास्केट' म्हणून ओळखल्या जाते?
 उत्तरः - आंध्र प्रदेश
 प्रश्नः - भारतीय पशुवैद्यकीय संशोधन केंद्र कोठे आहे?
 उत्तरः-बरेली
 प्रश्नः - 'रेड रेव्होल्यूशन' म्हणजे काय?
 उत्तरः मांस उत्पादन
 प्रश्नः - कोंबड्यांसाठी सर्वात धोकादायक रोग कोणता ?
 उत्तरः - रानीखेत
 प्रश्नः - कोणत्या मशीनच्या मदतीने दुधाची घनता मोजली जाते?
 उत्तरः - लैक्टोमीटर
 प्रश्न: - भारतातील कोणत्या राज्यात सर्वात जास्त पशुधन आढळते?
 उत्तरः उत्तर प्रदेश
 प्रश्न: - दुधामध्ये चरबीचा सर्वात जास्त प्रमाणात कोणता प्राण्यात आहे?
 उत्तरः - रेनडिअर
 प्रश्नः - 'गरिबांच्या गाय' या नावाने कोण ओळखले जाते?
 उत्तरः - शेळी ( बकरी )
 प्रश्नः - " पशमिना " लोकरीसाठी प्रसिद्ध असलेला प्राणी कश्याची प्रजाती आहे
 उत्तरः - शेळी ( बकरी )
 प्रश्न: - कोणत्या सस्तन प्राण्यातील दुधात कमी प्रमाणात पाणी असते?
 उत्तरः - महिला हत्ती
 प्रश्नः - 'सेंट्रल शीप अँड वूल रिसर्च सेंटर' कुठे आहे?
 उत्तरः देहरादून
 प्रश्नः - मानवी शरीरात 'एंटॅमिबा हिस्टोलिटिका' कोठे आढळते?
 उत्तरः आतड्यात
 प्रश्नः - मच्छर मध्ये मलेरिया परजीवींचे जीवन चक्र कोणी शोधले?
 उत्तरः- रोनाल्ड रॉस
 प्रश्नः पुढीलपैकी कोणती गोष्ट 'जेली फिश' म्हणून ओळखली जाते?
 उत्तरः - ओरीलिया
 प्रश्नः - खालीलपैकी कोणता पदार्थ, मांस खाऊन मानवी शरीरात पोहोचते?
 उत्तरः - स्वाइन
 प्रश्नः - गांडुळ्यांमध्ये किती डोळे आहेत?
 उत्तरः - डोळा नाही
 प्रश्नः - रात्रीच्या वेळी फुलपाखराचे डोळे कश्यामुळे चमकतात ?
 उत्तरः - टेपिटम ल्युसिडम मुळे
 प्रश्नः - समुद्री घोडा हे कोणत्या वर्गात मोडतो ?
 उत्तरः मत्स्य वर्ग
 प्रश्नः - खालीलपैकी मलेरिया रोगाचा वाहक कोण आहे?
 उत्तरः -  अनाफिलिस दासाची मादी
 प्रश्नः - सर्वात विषारी मासा कोणता?
 उत्तरः - स्टोन फिश ( पाषाण मासा )
 प्रश्नः - सर्वात मोठा जिवंत पक्षी कोणता आहे?
 उत्तरः - शुतुरमुर्ग ( शहामृग )
 प्रश्नः - घर तयार करणारा एकमात्र साप कोणता आहे?
 उत्तरः - किंग कोबरा ( नाग )
 प्रश्नः - 'पावो क्रिस्तेशस' हे कशाचे वैज्ञानिक नाव आहे?
 उत्तरः - मोर
 प्रश्नः - सर्वात मोठा जिवंत सस्तन प्राणी कोणता आहे ?
 उत्तरः - नील व्हेल
 प्रश्नः - खालीलपैकी सर्वात लहान पक्षी कोणता आहे?
 उत्तरः - हमींग बर्ड

River gauging

◆River gauging◆

🔸 River gauging involves the measurement of discharge of a river and the establishment of gauge post on one its banks.

🔸 The levels of water in a stream are taken by means of gauge post

🔸 Coconut is most suitable for use as surface float for measuring velocity in a river

🔸 The velocity of a stream obtained by using rod is the mean velocity

🔸 The science and practice of water flow measurement is known as hydrometry.

🔸 The slope area method is extensively used in estimation of flood discharge based on high water marks

🔸 The dilution Method of stream gauging is used measuring discharges in steady flow in a small turbulent stream.

🔸 Mean velocity with current meter at depth

👉 One point method : 0.6d

👉 Two point method : 0.2d to 0.8d

👉 Three point method : 0.2d, 0.6d & 0.8d

🔸 To obtain mean velocity of flow in a stream, the velocity determine by float is multiplied by factor equal to 0.85

महाराष्ट्र राज्य माहिती

🚩महाराष्ट्र राज्य माहिती🚩

👉 स्थापना-01 मे 1960

👉 राज्यभाषा -  मराठी

👉राजधानी -  मुंबई

👉 उपराजधानी -नागपूर

👉ऐतिहासिकराजधानी- कोल्हापूर

👉सांस्कृतिकराजधानी- पुणे

👉 एकूण तालुके-353

👉 पंचायत समित्या 351

👉 एकूण जिल्हा परिषद-33

👉 आमदार विधानसभा 288

👉 आमदार विधानपरीषद 78

👉 महाराष्ट्र लोकसभा सदस्य 48

👉 सुमद्रकिनारा-720 किमी

👉 नगरपालिका- 230

👉महानगरपालिका-26

👉 शहरी भाग - 45%

👉 ग्रामीण भाग 55%

👉 लोकसंख्या बाबतीत 2 रा क्रमांक

👉 क्षेत्रफळात 3 रा क्रमांक

👉 संपुर्ण साक्षर 1ला जिल्हा सिंधुदुर्ग

👉 सर्वात कमी साक्षर जिल्हा नंदूरबार

👉 महाराष्ट्रातील सर्वाधिक लोकसंख्या - मुंबई उपनगर

👉 महाराष्ट्रातील सर्वात कमी लोकसंख्या जिल्हा - नंदूरबार

👉 महाराष्ट्रातील सर्वाधिक जंगले असलेला जिल्हा - गडचिरोली

👉 महाराष्ट्रातील कमी जंगल असेलला जिल्हा - बीड

👉 महाराष्ट्रातील सर्वाधिक आदिवासी असलेला जिल्हा - नंदूरबार

👉 महाराष्ट्रातील अधिक तलावांचा जिल्हा - गोंदिया

👉 महाराष्ट्रातील क्षेत्रफळाने सर्वात मोठा जिल्हा - अहमदनगर

👉 महाराष्ट्रातील क्षेत्रफळाने सर्वात लहान जिल्हा - मुंबई शहर

👉 महाराष्ट्रातील उंच शिखर -कळसूबाई(1646मी) कल्याण जवळ

👉 महाराष्ट्रातील सर्वात लांब नदी - गोदावरी

👉 महाराष्ट्रातील सर्वात लहान राष्ट्रीय महामार्ग - न्हावाशेवा पळस्पे 27 किमी

👉 महाराष्ट्रातील सर्वात जुनी नगरपालिका - आष्टा  ( सांगली )

👉संपुर्ण  भारतात  कारचे नवे व जूने  सर्व  पार्टस् सप्लाय करणारी  एकमेव कंपनी (सांगली )

👉 पहिले मातीचे धरण गोदावरी नदीवर - नाशिक जवळ, (गंगापूर येथे )

👉 जगातील पहिले जैव तंत्रज्ञान विद्यापीठ - नागपूर

👉 भारतातील सर्वात मोठे नैसर्गिक बंदर मुंबई

👉 पहिला संपूर्ण संगणकीकृत     जिल्हा -नांदेड

Precipitation

Precipitation

🔸 The precipitation denotes all forms of water that reach the earth surface from the atmosphere. These usual forms are rainfall, snowfall, hail, frost and dew.

👉 The percentage of earth covered by oceans is about 71%

👉 The percentage of total quantity of water in the world that is saline is about 97%

👉 Thee percentage of total quantity of fresh water in the world available in the liquid form is about 30%

🔸 Rainfall : Water drops of sizes larger than 0.5mm. The maximum size of a raindrops is about 6mm

👉 Intensity of rainfall

1. Light rain : 1 mm/h to 2.5 mm/h

2. Moderate rain : 2.5 mm/h to 7.5 mm/h

3. Heavy rain : > 7.5 mm/h

🔸 Drizzle : Size of drop is less than 0.5 mm

🔸 Snow : Ice crystal, Combine to form flakes.

🔸 Hail : Lumps of ice more than 8 mm in size